They may be listed with a different name in Photoshop, or they may be in a second alphabetically ordered list below the first one.
Fonts in Illustrator and Photoshop are ordered alphabetically by writing script code, and use the PostScript Name. Consequently many fonts will not be where you expect them to be in the listing. For instance ZaphDingbats will be displayed as ITC ZaphDingbats. Additionally many TTFonts have the incorrect writing script as many foundries were using a font creation program with a bug in it. These will be in a 2nd alphabetically ordered listing below the first.
If you open the adobefnt*.LST file(s) (and there can be in excess of 50 of them), you will find those problem fonts have an entry for:
writingscript : easteuropean (or Greek or something other than Roman).
By editing the Adobefnt*.LST file(s) so those entries read writingscript: Roman, they will appear in the correct order and be usable. However, you will also need to set the adobfnt.lst file to read only, or it will revert when Illustrator is next opened. This means that Photoshop/Illustrator won’t see any additions or deletions to/from your active fonts.
The real cure is to get versions of those fonts that do not contain the bug.
Lastly, you can delete all adobefnt*.LST files on your machine – they will be rebuilt as required.